Fig. 6

Gestational diabetes mellitus can lead to increased age of mononuclear immunity in umbilical blood (a-b) Expression of the classical age-related genes CDKN1A (a) and CDKN2A (b) in GDM progeny and healthy control homoharmonic mononuclear cells (c) Distribution of different cell cycle phases of monocytes in the umbilical blood of the two groups (d) The distribution of different cell cycle phases in each cord blood sample (e) Bar plots showing the number of genes upregulated with age detected in cord blood and the number of genes increased in the GDM group (f) Bar plots showing the number of genes downregulated with age detected in cord blood and the number of genes downregulated in the GDM group (g) Distribution of genes with different fold increases in the GDM group (h) Upregulated protein‒protein interactions between more than 50% of genes in the GDM group (i) Two groups of umbilical blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using a random forest model to predict immune age (j-k) Correlations between cord blood mononuclear cell levels, which predict age and pregnancy weight gain (j), and maximum fasting blood glucose levels (k). The p value was calculated using Pearson correlation