From: Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases
Cell type | Characteristics | Alteration | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elderly | ZD | Elderly | ZD | ||
B cells | |||||
Lymphopoiesis | ↓ | ↓ | [219] ↓ | ||
Naïve B cells: Cell number | ↘ | ↓ | [391] ↔ [358] ↓ | [219] ↓ [392] ↘ | |
Memory B cells: Cell number | ↗ | - | [358] ↗ [393] ↔ | - | |
Bregs: cell number | ↘ | ↓ | [381] ↓ | ||
Immunoglobulin class switch/AID | ↓ | ↓ | [396] ↓ | ||
Serum IgG | ↑ | - | - | ||
Serum IgM | ↘ | - | - | ||
Autoreactive antibodies | ↑ | - | [374] ↑ | - | |
Vaccination response | ↓ | ↓ |