Table 5 Anti-aging potential of other phytochemicals
From: The state of the art in anti-aging: plant-based phytochemicals for skin care
| Â | Source | Stress Source | Study Type | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saponins | Ginsenoside Rg3: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 µM | H2O2: 200 mM | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↑ PRDX3, PPP2R1A, Heat Shock Protein 60: Hsp60 ↓ p16, p21, p53, ROS level, SA-β-gal Staining | [13] |
Ginsenoside Rk1: 10, 20, and 40 µM | UVB: 40 mJ/cm2 | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↓ MDA, ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, MMP-3, and MMP-9 level ↑ SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, Type I and III collagen ↓ Phosphorylation of pI3K, AKT, IκBα, and NF-κB | [9] | |
Ginsenoside Rk1: 2.0 mg/cm2 | UVB: 100 mJ/cm2/week | In vivo: BALB/c mice | Alleviated sunburn and wrinkles Normalized epidermal thickness ↑ Collagen fiber structure and density ↓ MDA, ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, MMP-3, and MMP-9 level ↑ Type I and III collagen ↓ Phosphorylation of pI3K, AKT, IκBα, and NF-κB | ||
Ginsenoside Rk3: Not specified | UVA: 340 nm and 40 W UVB: 313 nm and 40 W | In vivo: Kunming mice | Smooth and plump skin, minimal wrinkles, no ulcers or blisters ↓ Recovery time, MDA, MMP-1, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 ↑ SOD, GSH-Px, Hydroxyproline | [100] | |
Timosaponin A-III: 0.1 µmol/L | UVB: 20 mJ/cm2 | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↑ TIMP mRNA ↓ MMP-1, mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α | [101] | |
Timosaponin A-III: 0.25% in lotion, 12 weeks | -- | Clinical: 21 women, crow’s feet treatment | Wrinkle Reduction ↓ Skin roughness, average roughness (after 8–12 weeks), smoothness depth (after 12 weeks), arithmetic average roughness, maximum roughness | ||
Alkoloids | Indole Alkaloid N‑Glycoside: 10 mM | TNF-α: 20 ng/mL | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↓ MMP-1, p-Akt, COX-2, Il-8, IL-1β, IL-6 expression ↓ Phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38 ↑ Type I collagen mRNA expression | [6] |
Berberine: 3.1, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 µg/mL | -- | In vitro: Murine fibroblast (L929) cells | ↑ Tail length of DNA ↓ ROS, Comer length of DNA, SA-β-gal | [102] | |
Trigonelline: 25 and 50 µM | UVB: 10 mJ/cm2 | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↓ Lactate dehydrogenase activity, γH2AX ↑ HO-1, Phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and Nrf2 ↓ Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Formation, TUNEL positive cells ↓ CAT, MDA | [103] | |
Trigonelline: 100 and 200 µM | UVB: 180 mJ/cm2 | In vivo: BALB/c mice | ↓ γH2AX, CHK2, CHK1, and p53 expression ↑ Phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, Nrf2 | ||
Higenamine: 5, 10, and 20 µM | Fine dust. 25 mg/mL | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↓ MMP-1, AP-1 and NF-κB transactivation, ROS ↓ Phosphorylation of Akt-p70S6K, MEK1/2-ERK1/2-p90RSK, JNK1/2, MKK3/6-p38 | [104] | |
Higenamine: 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM | UVB: 100–300 mJ/cm2 | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↑ Col1A1, Collagen fiber, Smad3 DNA-binding phosphorylation ↓ Skin and epidermal thickness, trans epidermal water loss | [105] | |
Higenamine: 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg | In vivo: Mice | ↑ Col1A1, TGF-β, Smad3 DNA-binding phosphorylation, collagen fiber ↓ Skin and epidermal thickness, trans epidermal water loss | |||
Piperine: 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µM | M5: 10 ng/mL | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↓ IL-6, IL-23, β-defensin 2, CCL20, S100A7 Expression ↑ Cleaved-PARP Expression | [106] | |
Piperine: 2 or 4 mM in cream | Imiquimod: 62.5 mg on the back, 20 mg on the ear | In vivo: BALB/c mice | Attenuated thickening, erythema, and scales ↓ Average PASI Score, Epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration ↓ Epidermal Thickness of back and ear skin lesions ↓ mRNA levels of IL-17 A, IL-17 F, IL-23, IL-6, S100A8, CCL20, CXCL2, and β-defensin2 ↓ IL-17 A in epidermis ↓ STAT3 phosphorylation | ||
Piperine: 10, 20, and 40 µM | UVB: 40 mJ/cm2 | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↓ Nitrite, ROS, iNOS, COX-2, Apoptotic cells, Prostaglandin E2, IL-6, IL-8 ↓ Phosphorylated p38 and JNK, AP-1 Protein Expression | [107] |