Table 1 Anti-aging potential of polyphenols
From: The state of the art in anti-aging: plant-based phytochemicals for skin care
Source | Stress Source | Study Type | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Protocatechuic acid and Ferulic acid: Series of different concentration between 2.08–166.57 µg/mL | -- | In vitro: Skin health-related enzyme activity inhibition | Outperformed effect of protocatechuic acid Protocatechuic acid: Inhibition of tyrosinase (246.42 µg/mL), collagenase (126.16 µg/mL), elastase (57.69 µg/mL), and hyaluronidase (107.57 µg/mL) Ferulic acid: Inhibition of tyrosinase (253.58 µg/mL), collagenase (52.85 µg/mL), elastase (75.61 µg/mL), and hyaluronidase (396.12 µg/mL) | [44] |
Protocatechuic acid: 10, 20, 50, and 100 µg/mL | UVA: 5 J/cm2 | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↑ Type I collagen amount and inhibition of MMP-1 secretion | [45] |
Protocatechuic acid: 0.02% in carboxymethyl cellulose gel | -- | Ex vivo: Human skin explants | ↑ Collagen synthesis | |
Protocatechuic acid: 0.02% in lotion, 8 weeks | -- | In vivo: 22 womans’ crow’s feet treatment | ↓ Skin roughness | |
Punicalagin and Ellagic Acid: 10− 5 to 10− 9 M | -- | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts (CCD-1064Sk) | ↑ Expression of fibronectin and α-actin mAbs | [46] |
Chlorogenic acid: 40 mg/kg, 12 weeks | -- | In vivo: MRL/lpr mice with lupus erythematosus | ↓ Incidence of skin damage, pathological score of acanthosis/ hypertropy, dsDNA expression andIL-17, IL-17 F, IL-6, IFN-γ level ↔ ANA concentration | [47] |
Chlorogenic acid: 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 µM | UVA: 12 J/cm2 | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts (CCC-ESF-1) | ↑ Type 1 collagen, total collagen secretion, phosphorylated Smad2/3, Rad51 ↓ Col3A1, Col5A1, MMP-1, MMP-3 mRNA ↓ Late apoptotic cells, cleaved PARP, ROS level, γ-H2AX expression | [48] |
Epigallocatechin gallate: 25 mg/mL | UVB: 1.7 µmol/m2 s | In vivo: BALB/c mice | ↑ Pigmentation, elasticity, collagen fibers, melanosomes ↑ Mitochondria injury index | [49] |
Gallocatechin gallate: 12.5, 25, and 50Â mg/mL | ||||
Epigallocatechin-O-Gallate and Withaferin A | -- | In vitro: Molecular docking on Skin health-related enzyme inhibition | Significant inhibitory effects on key enzymes involved in skin aging and oxidative stress, especially when combined | [50] |
Epigallocatechin Gallate: 25 µg/mL | UVA: 10 J/cm2 | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts (CCC-ESF-1) | ↓ SA-β-Gal positive cells, hTERT gene, relative telomerase activity ↑ SOD, CAT and GSH-Px ↓ MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-10, MDA and P66 ↑ Telomere length, TGF-β1 secretion, and mRNA level of TIMP-1 | [51] |
Epicatechin gallate, Epigallocatechin gallate, Epicatechin, Catechin and Epigallocatechin: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µM | -- | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts (WS1) | ↑ Instances of mitophagy, LC3B-I to LC3B-II Ratio ↑ Average number of lysosomes that co-localize with mitochondria | [52] |
Quercetin: 2, 10, and 20 µM | -- | In vitro: Human skin fibroblasts, mouse skin fibroblasts, L929, and HaCat cells | ↑ Cell proliferation, scratch closure rate | [53] |
Quercetin: 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/mL, 8 days | -- | In vivo: C57BL/6 mice with 4 mm wound | ↑ Wound healing rate, positive area of collagen fiber ↑ Relative protein expression of FGF, VEGF, α-SMA, Wnt, β-catenin | |
Quercetin-loaded olive oil: 5 µg/mL |  | In vitro: Tyrosinase inhibition assay | Tyrosinase activity inhibition: 56.24% | [54] |
Kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside | -- | Molecular docking on Skin health-related enzyme inhibition | Binding through active sites of collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase Collagenase (58.24%), elastase (26.29%), and tyrosinase (69.84%) inhibition | [55] |
Quercetin-3- O-rhamnoside (Que-3-Rha) and kaempferol-3-O-galactoside | -- | Molecular docking on Skin health-related enzyme inhibition | Binding through active sites of collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase Que-3-Rhamnoside: Collagenase (60.24%), elastase (50.28%), tyrosinase (46.54%) inhibition. Kae-3-Gal: Collagenase (59.84%), elastase (55.56%), and tyrosinase (51.14%) inhibition | [56] |
Apigenin: 1 and 2.5% in cream | Hydroquinone: 2.5% in cream | In vivo: C57BL/6 mice | ↓ Area of white patches ↓ Cholinesterase activity, MDA, CAT activity ↓ IL-6, TNFα, and IFN-γ, and expression of p38 MAPK | [57] |
Hesperidin: 50 µM | Particulate matter2.5: 50 µg/mL | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↓ ROS in mitochondria, mithochondrial depolarization ↓ Cytochrome c release and DNA damage: phospho-H2A.X protein expression ↓ G0/G1, p53, p27, p21, p16, Bim, Bax, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, SA-βGal ↑ Cyclin D1, cyclin E, Cdk2, and Cdk4 Restoration of anti-apoptotic proteins Mc-1 and Bcl-2 | [58] |
Hesperidin, Hesperetin: 1-100 µM Rutinose, and Rhamnose: 0.25–100 mM | -- | In vitro: Skin health-related enzyme activity inhibition | Inhibition of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase Strong inhibition effect of rutinose on all enzymes Primarily inhibition effect of hesperidin and hesperetin on hyaluronidase | [59] |
Hesperidin, Hesperetin: 1 and 10 µM Rutinose, and Rhamnose: 1 and 10 mM | Low/high glucose: 25 or 50 mM AGEs | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↓ MMP-1, MMP-2, IL-6, and IL-8 ↑ Collagen I production | |
Resveratrol: 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µM | UVB: 50 mJ/cm2 | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↑ Cell viability, mRNA levels of GSSH and SOD, GPX-4 and HO-1, VEGF-B ↓ ROS level, Caspase3 and Caspase9, MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6 and TNF-α | [60] |
Resveratrol: 2 mg/kg | UVB: 40, 80, and 120 mJ/cm2 | In vivo: ICR mice | Prevented roughness, hypertrophy, erythema, and deep wrinkles Restored collagen fiber structure ↑ Type III collagen immunoreactivity, COX-2, MAPK pathway-related proteins ↓ Caspase3 and Caspase9, MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6 and TNF-α ↓ m RNA levels of GSSH and SOD, GPX-4 and HO-1, VEGF-B | |
Resveratrol: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 µmol/L | UVA: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 J/cm² | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↑ Cell Viability, Collagen I expression Cell Morphology: Normal spindle-shaped morphology maintained; reduced cellular debris. ↓ MMP-1, SA-β-gal activity, apoptosis rates, G1-phase arrest ↑ LC3B and Beclin-1 expression and ↓ p62 expression | [23] |
Resveratrol: 100 µmol/L | UVA: 0.35 J/cm² | In vivo: BALB/c mice | Improved erythema and reduced wrinkles ↓ Epidermal thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration, MMP-1 ↑ Collagen fiber content ↑ LC3B and beclin-1 expression and ↓ p62 expression ↑ p-AMPK/AMPK ratio | |
Naringenin: 5 and 10 µM | Lipopolysaccharide: 1 µg/mL | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↓ NF-κB activity, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 ↓ mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS, PGE2 levels, NADPH oxidase | [43] |
Naringenin: 150 µM | UVA: 30 mJ/cm² | In vitro: Human HaCaT Keratinocytes | ↓ TRPV1 expression, phosphorylated TRPV1, apoptosis, p53, p21, p16, MMP-1, MMP-9 | [61] |
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside: 10, 50, 100 and 200 µM | Blue light: 2,500 to 20,000 lx | In vitro: Human dermal fibroblasts | ↓ ROS level, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, FAK and MAPK phosphorylation | [62] |
Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside: 1 μM | Dihydrotestosterone 100 nM | In vitro: Human follicle dermal papilla cells | ↓ SA-β-gal, upregulation of p21 and p16 ↓ Mitocondrial ROS levels and calcium accumulation ↑ FGF6 and FGF4, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK ↓ Expression of SA-β-gal, p21, p16 | [63] |