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Table 2 Participants characteristics of cohort 2

From: The association of multidimensional frailty with metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in community-dwelling older adults in the Netherlands: a Lifelines cohort study

Ā 

Total population

MetS & Frail

MetS & Non-frail

Non-MetS & Frail

Non-MetS & Non-frail

Ā 

Participants, n (%)

n = 3896

n = 230 (5.9)

n = 952 (24.4)

n = 401 (10.3)

N = 2313 (59.4)

p

hsCRP, mg/L, median (IQR)

1.4 (0.8–2.9)

2.0 (1- 3.9)

1.9 (1-3.9)

1.3 (0.7–2.7)

1.2 (0.7–2.5)

< 0.001

ā€ƒ< 1.0Ā mg/L, %

34.1

24.8

23.6

35.7

39.0

< 0.001

ā€ƒ1.0–3.0Ā mg/L, %

42.1

41.7

44.

41.1

41.5

Ā 

ā€ƒ> 3.0Ā mg/L, %

23.8

33.5

32.2

23.2

19.5

Ā 

GFI-score, median (IQR)

1 (0–3)

5 (4–6)

1 (0–2)

5 (4–6)

1 (0–2)

< 0.001

Physical GFI-score, median (IQR)

0 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

0 (0–1)

1 (0–2)

0 (0–0)

< 0.001

Age, years

70 ± 4

71 ± 5

70 ± 5

71 ± 5

69 ± 4

Ā 

ā€ƒ65–75, %

84.1

77.4

81.9

80.0

86.3

< 0.001

ā€ƒ75–85, %

15.1

20.4

17.2

17.5

13.3

Ā 

ā€ƒ>=85, %

0.8

2.2

0.8

2.5

0.4

Ā 

Female, %

53.8

65.6

45.3

73.1

52.9

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m2 mean ± SD

27.1 ± 3.9

29.8 ± 4.2

29.1 ± 3.8

26.5 ± 4.1

26.2 ± 3.4

< 0.001

Education, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒlow

55.7

65.0

59.3

60.5

52.5

< 0.001

ā€ƒmiddle

23.9

24.2

24.1

21.8

24.1

Ā 

ā€ƒhigh

20.4

10.8

16.5

17.7

23.4

Ā 

Living alone, yes%

16.5

32.6

12.2

35.1

13.6

< 0.001

Smoking status, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒcurrent

10.0

15.3

12.5

10.7

8.3

< 0.001

ā€ƒformer

53.6

46.7

54.1

52.5

54.2

Ā 

ā€ƒnever

36.4

37.9

33.4

36.7

37.5

Ā 

MVPA, min/wk

240 (120–480)

180 (50–390)

240 (90–480)

240 (120–420)

270 (120–510)

< 0.001

ā€ƒ< 150Ā min/week, %

31

41.9

34.6

30.4

28.4

< 0.001

Sleep duration, hours/day

7.6 ± 1.0

7.5 ± 1.4

7.7 ± 0.9

7.5 ± 1.2

7.6 ± 0.9

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption, gram/day

3.9 (0.69–11.7)

1.8 (0.003-11.0)

4.09 (0.30–12.4)

2.5 (0.007-9.0)

5.6 (0.96–11.7)

0.04

LLDS, mean ± SD

26.5 ± 5.6

25.8 ± 5.7

25.8 ± 5.7

26.6 ± 6.0

26.8 ± 5.5

< 0.001

Ā 

46.9

80.0

75.5

42.6

32.5

< 0.001

Co-morbidities, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒStroke

2.0

5.2

3.3

2.7

1.0

< 0.001

ā€ƒLung diseases

43.4

44.3

43.5

48.6

42.3

0.1

ā€ƒCancer

13.8

14.3

14.1

16.2

13.1

0.4

ā€ƒCKD

4.1

7.0

7.6

3.2

2.5

< 0.001

  1. *MetS: metabolic syndrome; GFI: Groningen frailty indicator; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI: body mass index; MVPA: Non-occupational moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; LLDS: Lifelines diet score; CKD: chronic kidney disease
  2. † Missingness of covariates: education (2.9%), living alone (0.6%), smoking status (0.6%), MVPA (11.6%), sleep duration (0.5%), alcohol consumption (3.5%), LLDS (4.6%)
  3. — p indicates the comparison among the groups with and without MetS/Frailty