Table 1 Participants characteristics of cohort 1

Frailty (GFI), n (%)

 Frail (GFI > = 4)

1747 (15.1)

608 (18.7)

1139 (13.7)

< 0.001

 Non-frail (GFI < 4)

9805 (84.9)

2651 (81.3)

7154 (86.3)

GFI-score, median (IQR)

1 (0–3)

1 (1–3)

1 (0–2)

< 0.001

Physical GFI-score, median (IQR)

0 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

< 0.001

MetS components, n (%)

 Abdominal obesity (Europids)

  yes

9067 (78.5)

3181 (97.6)

5886 (71.0)

< 0.001

  no

2485 (21.5)

78 (2.4)

2407 (29.0)

 Elevated TG

  yes

2039 (17.7)

1598 (49.0)

441 (5.3)

< 0.001

  no

9513 (82.3)

1661 (51.0)

7852 (94.7)

 Reduced HDL-C

  yes

1664 (14.4)

1424 (43.7)

240 (2.9)

< 0.001

  no

9888 (85.6)

1835 (56.3)

8053 (97.1)

 Elevated BP

  yes

5841 (50.6)

2801 (85.9)

3040 (36.7)

< 0.001

  no

5711 (49.4)

458 (14.1)

5253 (63.3)

  Elevated FPG

  yes

3320 (28.7)

2271 (69.7)

1049 (12.6)

< 0.001

  no

8232 (71.3)

988 (30.3)

7244 (87.4)

Age range, range

65–94

65–94

65–93

  65–75, %

84.9

82.6

85.9

< 0.001

  75–85, %

14.2

16.2

13.4

  >=85, %

0.9

1.2

0.7

Female, %

52.1

47.3

54.0

BMI, kg/m2 mean ± SD

27.0 ± 3.9

29.2 ± 3.9

26.1 ± 3.4

< 0.001

Education, %

  low

53.9

59.6

51.7

< 0.001

  middle

23.3

23.0

23.4

  high

22.8

17.4

24.9

Living alone, yes%

16.4

16.3

16.5

0.8

Smoking status, %

  current

8.7

10.3

8.2

< 0.001

  former

54.7

56.9

53.8

  never

36.6

32.8

38.0

MVPA, min/wk

240 (115–480)

210 (60–440)

270 (120–510)

< 0.001

  < 150 min/week, %

32.2

38.3

29.8

< 0.001

Sleep duration, hours/day

7.6 ± 1.0

7.7 ± 1.04

7.6 ± 0.98

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption, gram/day

5.09 (0.7–12.1)

3.35 (0.01–11.9)

5.8 (0.86–12.08)

< 0.001

LLDS, mean ± SD

26.7 ± 5.7

25.8 ± 5.8

27.0 ± 5.7

< 0.001

Co-morbidities, %

47.0

79.9

34.0

< 0.001

  Stroke

2.1

3.2

1.6

< 0.001

  Lung diseases

34.1

35.7

33.5

0.03

  Cancer

14.0

14.4

13.8

0.3

  CKD

2.1

4.0

1.3

< 0.001