Table 1 Baseline health characteristics of the study population (N = 1374)

Sociodemographic

Age (years) (mean (SD²)) [min – max]

69 (7.8) [50–92]

67 (7.3) [51–93]

< 0.001

Socio-Economic Status (%)

0.001

 Low

28

38

 Middle

37

31

 High

35

31

Lifestyle

Currently smoking (%)

6.2

7.3

0.784

Drinking alcohol (%)

77.6

59.9

< 0.001

Cardiometabolic factors

BMI (kg/m2) (mean (SD))

26.7 (3.6)

26.5 (4.8)

0.335

Waist circumference (cm) (mean (SD))

100.8 (10.2)

92.1 (12.7)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (mean (SD))

133 (16)

130 (17)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

5.1 (1.0)

5.6 (1.0)

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

1.3 (0.3)

1.6 (0.4)

< 0.001

Creatinine (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

92.0 (18.3)

72.9 (11.8)

< 0.001

Glucose (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

5.9 (1.7)

5.6 (1.4)

< 0.001

Comorbidity related factors

eGFR (mean (SD))

1.0 (0.3)

0.9 (0.2)

< 0.001

Frailty index (median [IQR³])

0.05 [0.02, 0.09]

0.07 [0.03, 0.12]

< 0.001

Inflammatory disease presence⁴ (%)

12.4

14.0

0.409

Cardiometabolic disease presence⁵ (%)

53.9

46.1

0.004